Simple Harmonic Motion

Physics Laboratory Report Simple Harmonic Motion: Determining the force constant Aim of experiment: The objective of this experiment is: 1. To study the simple harmonic motion of a mass-spring system 2. To estimate the force constant of a spring Principles involved: A horizontal or vertical mass-spring system can perform simple harmonic motion as shown below. If we know the period (T) of the motion and the mass (m), the force constant (k) of the spring can be determined. [pic] Consider pulling the mass of a horizontal mass-spring system to an extension x on a table, the mass subjected to a restoring force (F=-kx) stated by Hooke’s Law.If the mass is now released, it will move with acceleration (a) towards the equilibrium position. By Newton’s second law, the force (ma) acting on the mass is equal to the restoring force, i. e. ma = -kx a = -(k/m)x ————————-(1) As the movement continues, it performs a simple harmonic motion with angular velocity (? ) and has acceleration (a = -? 2x). By comparing it with equation (1), we have: ? = v(k/m) Thus, the period can be represented as follows: T = 2? /? T = 2? x v(m/k) T2 = (4? 2/k) m —————————(2)From the equation, it can be seen that the period of the simple harmonic motion is independent of the amplitude. As the result also applies to vertical mass-spring system, a vertical mass-spring system, which has a smaller frictional effects, is used in this experiment. Apparatus: Slotted mass (20g)x 9 Hanger (20g)x 1 Springx 1 Retort stand and clampx 1 Stop watchx 1 G-clampx 1 Procedure: 1. The apparatuses were set up as shown on the right. 2. No slotted mass was originally put into the hanger and it was set to oscillate in moderate amplitude. 3.The period (t1) for 20 complete oscillations was measured and recorded. 4. Step 3 was repeated to obtain another record (t2). 5. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated by adding one slotted mass to the hanger each time until all of the nine given masses have been used. 6. A graph of the square of the period (T2) against mass (m) was plotted. 7. A best-fitted line was drawn on the graph and its slope was measured. Precaution: 1. The oscillations of the spring were of moderate amplitudes to reduce errors. 2. The oscillations of the spring were carefully initiated so that the spring did not swing to ensure accurate results. . The spring used was carefully chosen that it could perform 20 oscillations with little decay in amplitude when the hanger was put on it, and it was not over-stretched when all the 9 slotted masses were put on it. This could ensure accurate and reliable results. 4. The experiment was carried out in a place with little air movement (wind), in order to reduce swinging of the spring during oscillations and errors of the experiment. 5. The spring was clamped tightly so that the spring did not slide during oscillation. It reduced ene rgy loss from the spring and ensured accurate results. . A G-clamp was used to attach the stand firmly on the bench.This reduced energy loss from the spring and ensured accurate results. Results |Hanger and slotted mass |20 periods / s |One period (T) |T2 / s2 | |(m) / kg | |/ s | | | |t1 |t2 |Mean | | | | |( ±0. 1s) |( ±0. s) |= (t1 + t2) / 2 | | | |0. 02 |5. 0 |5. 4 |5. 2 |0. 26 |0. 0676 | |0. 04 |6. 0 |6. 0 |6. 0 |0. 3 |0. 09 | |0. 06 |7. 0 |7. 0 |7. 0 |0. 35 |0. 1225 | |0. 08 |7. 8 |7. 8 |7. 8 |0. 9 |0. 1521 | |0. 10 |8. 6 |8. 6 |8. 6 |0. 43 |0. 1849 | |0. 12 |9. 4 |9. 5 |9. 45 |0. 4725 |0. 22325625 | |0. 14 |10. 1 |10. 1 |10. 1 |0. 505 |0. 255025 | |0. 16 |10. 5 |10. 4 |10. 45 |0. 5225 |0. 27300625 | |0. 8 |11. 1 |11. 3 |11. 2 |0. 56 |0. 3136 | |0. 20 |11. 9 |12. 0 |11. 95 |0. 5975 |0. 35700625 | Calculations and Interpretation of results [pic] From equation (2), the slope of the graph is equal to (4? 2/k), i. e. 1. 5968 = 4? 2/k k = 4? 2/1. 5968 ? 24. 723 Nm-1 ?The force c onstant of the spring is 24. 723 Nm-1. Sources of error 1. The spring swung during oscillations in the experiments. 2.As the amplitudes of oscillations were small, there was difficulty to determine whether an oscillation was completed. 3. Reaction time of observer was involved in time-taking. 4. Energy was lost from the oscillations of the spring to resonance of the spring. Order of Accuracy Absolute error in time-taking =  ±0. 1s |Hanger and slotted mass (m) / kg |20 periods / s |Relative error in time-taking | | |t1 |t2 | | | |( ±0. s) |( ±0. 1s) | | | | | |t1 |t2 | |0. 02 |5. 0 |5. 4 |2. 00% |1. 85% | |0. 04 |6. 0 |6. 0 |1. 67% |1. 67% | |0. 06 |7. 0 |7. 0 |1. 3% |1. 43% | |0. 08 |7. 8 |7. 8 |1. 28% |1. 28% | |0. 10 |8. 6 |8. 6 |1. 16% |1. 16% | |0. 12 |9. 4 |9. 5 |1. 06% |1. 05% | |0. 14 |10. 1 |10. 1 |0. 990% |0. 990% | |0. 6 |10. 5 |10. 4 |0. 952% |0. 962% | |0. 18 |11. 1 |11. 3 |0. 901% |0. 885% | |0. 20 |11. 9 |12. 0 |0. 840% |0. 833% | Improvement 1. The spring should be initiated to oscillate as vertical as possible to prevent swinging of the spring, which would cause energy loss from the spring and give inaccurate results. 2.Several observers could observe the oscillations of the spring and determine a more accurate and reliable result that whether the spring has completed an oscillation. 3. The time taken for oscillations should be taken by the same observer. This allows more reliable results as error-error cancellation of reaction time of the observer occurs. 4. The spring used should be made of a material that its resonance frequency is difficult to match. Discussion In this experiment, several assumptions were made. First, it is assumed that the spring used is weightless and resonance does not occur.Furthermore, it is assumed that no energy is lost from the spring to overcome the air resistance. Besides, it is assumed that no swinging of the spring occurs during the experiment. In addition, there were difficulties in carrying out the exper iment. For timing the oscillation, as the spring oscillates with moderate amplitude, it was hard to determine if a complete oscillation has been accomplished. Added to this, in drawing the best-fitted line, as all the points do not join to form a straight line, there was a little difficult encountered while drawing the line.Nevertheless, they were all solved. Several observers observed the oscillations of the spring and determined a more reliable result that whether the spring has completed an oscillation. For the best-fitted line, computer was employed to obtain a reliable graph. Conclusion The mass-spring system performs simple harmonic motion and the force constant of the spring used in this experiment is 24. 723 Nm-1. ———————– A graph of T2 against m Square of the period (T2) [pic] Simple Harmonic Motion Shanise Hawes 04/04/2012 Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Introduction: In this two part lab we sought out to demonstrate simple harmonic motion by observing the behavior of a spring. For the first part we needed to observe the motion or oscillation of a spring in order to find k, the spring constant; which is commonly described as how stiff the spring is. Using the equation Fs=-kx or, Fs=mg=kx; where Fs is the force of the spring, mg represents mass times gravity, and kx is the spring constant times the distance, we can mathematically isolate for the spring constant k.We can also graph the data collected and the slope of the line will reflect the spring constant. In the second part of the lab we used the equation T=2? mk, where T is the period of the spring. After calculating and graphing the data the x-intercept represented k, the spring constant. The spring constant is technically the measure of elasticity of the spring. Data: mass of weight | displacement| m (kg)| x (m)| 0. 1| 0. 12| 0 . 2| 0. 24| 0. 3 | 0. 36| 0. 4| 0. 48| 0. 5| 0. 60|We began the experiment by placing a helical spring on a clamp, creating a â€Å"spring system†. We then measured the distance from the bottom of the suspended spring to the floor. Next we placed a 100g weight on the bottom of the spring and then measured the displacement of the spring due to the weight . We repeated the procedure with 200g, 300g, 400g, and 500g weights. We then placed the recorded data for each trial into the equation Fs=mg=kx. For example: 300g weight mg=kx 0. 30kg9. 8ms2=k0. 36m 0. 30kg 9. 8ms20. 36m=k 8. 17kgs=kHere we graphed our collected data. The slope of the line verified that the spring constant is approximately 8. 17kgs. In the second part of the experiment we suspended a 100g weight from the bottom of the spring and pulled it very slightly in order to set the spring in motion. We then used a timer to time how long it took for the spring to make one complete oscillation. We repeated this for the 20 0g, 300g, 400g, and 500g weights. Next we divided the times by 30 in order to find the average period of oscillation. We then used the equation T2=4? mk to mathematically isolate and find k. Lastly we graphed our data in order to find the x-intercept which should represent the value of k. Data Collected: Derived Data: mass of weight | time of 30 osscillation | avg osscilation T| T2| | m (kg)| t (s)| t30 (s)| T2 s2| | 0. 10| 26. 35| 0. 88| 0. 77| | 0. 20| 33. 53| 1. 12| 1. 25| | 0. 30| 39. 34| 1. 31| 1. 72| | 0. 40| 44. 81| 1. 49| 2. 22| | 0. 50| 49. 78| 1. 66| 2. 76| | Going back to our equation T2=4? 2mk .We found the average period squared and the average mass and set the equation up as T2m=4? 2k. Since T2 is our change in y and m is our change in x, this also helped us to find the slope of our line. We got T2m equals approximately 4. 98s2kg. We now have 4. 98s2kg= 4? 2k. Rearranging we have k=4? 24. 98s2k= 7. 92N/m. Plotting the points and observing that the slope of our line is indeed approximately 4. 98 we see that the line does cross the x-axis at approximately 7. 92. Conclusion Prior to placing any additional weight onto our spring we measured the length of spring to be 0. 8m. So if we hooked an identical spring and an additional 200g the elongation of our total spring would be approximately 0. 8m; accounting for twice our spring and the . 24m the additional weight added. However, I believe the additional weight of the second spring would slightly elongate the initial spring; bringing it roughly over a meter. Since our spring elongation has almost tripled I believe that an effective spring constant would be triple that of what we found it to be initially, making a new spring constant of 24. 51kgs

Dell Goes Back to its PC Roots Essay

Dell is a computer company that made its name by first selling personal computers directly to customers through their website, catalogs, and over the phone. As time passed, Dell expanded into related product lines while battling aggressive rivals such as Hewlett Packard and Apple, striving to be the number one consumer brand in the United States. Despite considerable research and marketing investment, Dell’s strategy to expand into other related product lines did not succeed, and the company was forced to regain its focus on PC sales. This case includes the steps taken by Dell to uphold its legendary PC roots. Key Marketing Issues †¢Brand – A name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that identifies one marketer’s product as distinct from those of other marketers. Dell is shining up its brand by improving customer service, which is especially important as PC sales grow more slowly throughout the industry and competitors dig in to defend market share. †¢Early Adopters – People who adopt new products early, choose new products carefully, and are viewed as â€Å"the people to check with† by later adopters. Dell is not looking to pioneer revolutionary new lines for early adopters, but has gone back to their PC roots, emphasizing related home office products. †¢Innovators – First adopters of new products. †¢Line Extensions – Development of a product that is closely related to existing products in the line but is designed specifically to meet different customer needs. Over the years, Dell has expanded into related product lines while battling rivals, hoping to obtain larger revenues. †¢Product Line – A group of closely related product items viewed as a unit because of marketing, technical, or end-use considerations. Over the years, Dell has expanded into related product lines while battling aggressive rivals, hoping to derive an ever-larger portion of revenues and profits from a wider mix of products for use beyond the home office. †¢Product Mix – The composite, or total, group of products that an organization makes available to customers. Dell has returned to its PC roots, emphasizing computers and laptops, inkjet and laser printers, networking equipment, and related products for home office use, after the failure of their consumer electronics strategy. †¢Product Life Cycle – The progression of a product through four stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Dell introduced the Dell Digital Jukebox and Dell Music Store to compete with Apple’s iPods and iTunes store. However, Apple had so much momentum that Dell was forced to discontinue its own brand of music players. Personal Case Analysis I learned that Dell first made is name selling personal computers directly to customers through its website, catalogs, and phone orders. With a long history of marketing technology-based products, Dell has become a well-known U.S. brand. Despite considerable research, Dell’s attempt to enter the lucrative $100 billion world of consumer electronics did not succeed. Although Dell faces intense competition from other consumer electronics companies, they never stop looking for new ways to shine up its brand by improving customer service, an especially important step as PC sales grow more slowly throughout the industry and competitors dig in to defend market share. Case Questions 1-Why would Dell not pioneer revolutionary new products for innovators and early adaptors the way its competitor Apple does? According to wsu.edu, an early adaptor is a person who quickly adopts something new-usually a technological innovation. Our text defines innovators as first adopters of new products. Today Dell has gone back to its PC roots, emphasizing computers and laptops, inkjet and laser printers, networking equipment, and related products for home and office use. Because of its’ failed attempts to launch new products, the company is not looking to pioneer revolutionary new lines for innovators or early adopters. Instead it adds new features to products with a proven market, finds ways to make production more cost effective, and seeks to distribute both Dell and non-Dell products as efficiently as possible. 2-In what stage of the product life cycle do personal computers appear to be? How does this explain Dell’s attempt to expand into consumer electronics? According to answers.ask.com, a product’s life cycle describes the stages products experience when introduced to the market. There are four general stages including: introductory stage, when marketers raise awareness of the product; growth stage, when increase in market share is sought; mature stage, when producers of the product have maximized market share and minimized costs and the decline stage, when competitors entering the market erode market share and profits begin to decline (anwers.ask.com). The stage that Dell’s personal computers appear to be in is the maturity stage. With a long history of marketing technology-based products, Dell has become a well-known U.S. brand. Their management saw the brand as a strength to exploit in marketing new flat-screen televisions, tiny digital music players, and other non-computer products. Dell launched its consumer electronics items just as major technological developments were roiling the industry and changing how consumers buy and use such products. Dell was caught in the crossfire of intense competition. At the start of the consumer electronics initiative, the company introduced the Dell Digital Jukebox and the Dell Music Store, putting it on a competitive collision course with Apple’s popular iPods and iTunes store. Dell discontinued its brand and has been reselling products made by Samsung and other manufacturers. This allows Dell to satisfy customer demand for certain for consumer electronics without incurring the high cost of research and development. 3-How far can Dell widen its product mix without hurting the company’s credibility? For example, what might be the impact of new products such as Dell motorcycles or Dell frozen pastries? According to enotes.com, the product mix of a company, which is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization, consists of both product and individual products. A product line is a group of products within the product mix that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges. Over the years, Dell has become a popular U.S. brand, which was viewed as a strength to emerge into the market of new flat screen televisions, digital music players, and other products. Although Dell did a considerable amount of research and development to make these products a success, the strategy did not succeed. For this reason, Dell should not attempt to widen its product mix, because it has been proven that doing so will hurt the company’s creditability. Dell motorcycles or Dell frozen pastries would definitely hurt the company’s creditability, because they are known as a number one computer company. Dell should continue to develop and emphasize computers, printers, and other home office related products to maintain its creditability. Conclusions For Dell to continue to successfully market to its consumers and uphold its legendary PC roots and name brand, they must develop the optimal product line by understanding buyers’ goals. The product life cycle is also an important concept to make sure the introduction, alteration, and termination of a product are timed and executed properly, helping to better maintain profitable products and drop unprofitable ones. Although Dell does not pioneer revolutionary new products for innovators and early adopters the way its competitors does, they stand strong in the PC market. Line extensions, however, are used to successfully take market share from competitors.

Cultural Autobiography Essay

Cultural Biography: How My Roots Shape My Identity It is often said that we should not let a single feature of ourselves define who we are. For example, a basketball should not only be an athlete, but must also value her roles as a sister, a daughter, a student, and anything else that gives her life meaning. A doctor should not only focus on his identity in the medical field but also his place in his neighborhood, his church, and, of course, his family. Otherwise, he would be considered the workaholic. In many cases, though, it is very easy to do. People’s identities are made up of all the roles they play in their lives. Defining oneself or someone else in only way is not healthy because it does not consider the full complexity the person. Thinking of ourselves in a limited way, such as if I considered myself only a student but did not consider my roles as a friend to others and a family member, could lead to shallow thinking. Thinking of others in such a way can result in stereotyping and even discrimination, such as if someo ne thinks she knows all she that needs to know about someone based on his religious beliefs. Nonetheless, not all aspects of our identities contribute equally to the whole. Certain elements of our environment and background help to shape us fundamentally. They seem to serve as a base for everything else that we would learn, do, and become. I think everyone has one or two areas of that nature. For me, I think that one of the most defining traits about me is the culture I came from, which is Mainland Chinese. Although I keep an open mind and try to learn new ways of looking at the world, the beliefs of my upbringing often are dominant. If you asked me to describe who I am at my core, I would probably say that I am a Chinese woman. Culture, of course, comes from the people around us. As I see it, my family, including a large extended family, has been the most influential community in shaping who I am today, because they passed on their culture to me. Often we do not realize what is our culture until we leave it. I can remember when I first arrived in America and stayed for a short time with a host family. They had a daughter who was 10 years old. She had a little cold at the time. She drank cold orange juice. I was so shocked that her mother allowed her to drink it. In my family, we feel that cold drinks are not good for sick people and that they can hurt the stomach. Many people in China think this way. I could almost hear my own mother’s voice in my head, scolding her disapproving of the cold drink. She and her sisters could never accept this. After hearing this idea for so many years, I, too, was starting to have the same reaction. When people have flu or cold, in China the appropriate drink is thought to be hot water. I suggested to the girl’s mother that she should drink warm water. They both suddenly got a disgust look on their faces. They said orange juice would be better because it has a lot of vitamin C to fight the germs. This was one of my first lessons in culture, both Am erican and my own. For my part, I still do not like to have very cold drinks. However, I do not make any suggestion about what other people should drink. In explaining how my family has influenced me, I should discuss some basic elements about Chinese culture. It is collectivist culture, not individual culture like America. That means that Mainland Chinese society tends to see the group as being more important than the person. The question then is who is the group. Based on stereotypical Western movies or shows, it would be easy to assume that nearly all Chinese act and look alike and that they would see themselves as one group. In fact, this is not true at all. Chinese people think in much smaller terms, most typically, and would see their immediate family, including elders such as parents and grandparents, as their group. In some sense, they would also consider old friends and former and current co-workers to be part of their group. It is not so common in Mainland China to make many new friends as adulthood. People in China depend on these tight networks to help them in hard times, and they have to be ready to repay the favor at som e point in the future. Tight informal networks are very important for getting by in life in China. Chinese culture value family piety. It means we believe in a strong obligation to respect and honor our family members. I would always try my  best to take care of my parents and also older relatives such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles. In a broad sense, family members, because all consider themselves a close group, would do almost anything to help each other. As is said in English, they would take the shirt from his or her own back to give to the other person. This kind of thinking is based on Confucianism, where taking care of the family is considered to be the highest value. Unfortunately, a related matter is that sometimes in Mainland China, people are not as quick to get involved when a stranger needs help, and some people without integrity are quick to take advantage of strangers and cheat them. We also do not have as much public volunteer and charity culture, as many people would feel guilty if they spend their money on people who are outside their own family. The concept of taking care of the family is so important to culture that it is sometimes humorous to other people from other countries. I once was at dinner in a group that included both American and international students. Some people were talking about what they would do if they won the lottery. A Chinese boy said he guessed that if he won, he would soon get married, and have a child. His friend, another boy from China, commented that the money would not only last for the lifetime for him and his son, but also for generations into the future. The American boys at the table laughed at the Chinese boys’ ideas. They thought they should use the money for their own fun, and would not like to get married. However, the Chinese students were looking from Chinese point of view, where not only the individual but the entire family name and bloodline is considered. They see a responsibility to their ancestors and to future bloodline that they should have a child. Personally, I like the viewpoint of thinking about multiple generations and not only focusing on the present. I have always been raised by my family to hold this point of view. Without a network of family and close friends, it is hard to survive in China, especially during hard times several decades ago. It is not so easy to get credit, so people rely on their networks to help them make a down payment for a house. Many people lack health insurance, and so if they needed and expensive surgery, they could perhaps ask their closest family and associates for help with money. Furthermore, in hospital, it is not like in America where nurses feed and bathe the  patients. In China, patients’ family members must help with those chores, and nurses usually would not help. As a result of these factors, Chinese people spend a lot of time cultivating their networks by choosing the right gifts on holidays, offering a helping hand when possible, and asking for help when needed. It is fair t o say that in China, if you do not have close connections in your life, including family members, friends, coworkers, then it is almost like you do not exist, according to society’s point of view. On the other hand, if you do have a family, then you feel much more secure and happy. You also get a large amount of your own identity from the group rather from your individual situation. It is important to behave well in society and try to be successful not only for your own sake, but also in order to create a good name for your family. Therefore I think that sometimes even if I do not feel like studying sometimes, I push myself to do so anyway, because if I came to America and did not perfect well in university, then I would create a bad impression on my family, including parents and extended relatives, as well. In fact, Chinese people from Mainland often do not like to spend time alone or to be in secluded places. We tend to like crowds and a lot of excitement and perceive them as safer because it would be harder for criminals to get away with serious crime amid a crowd. I felt strongly this way when I first arrived in America, but now I am getting used to peace and quiet. I have heard that Americans often like to go camping or fishing in order to get away from other people. This concept is a little different from China. I remember showing my mother a picture of our campus and she wanted to know why it looked so lonely. Later I took a photo when more students were out walking, and she seemed to feel much more comforted that I was in a safe place. On the other hand, some Americans have told me they think crowds are more dangerous, because it is easier for thieves to pick pockets or commit other crimes. My immediate and extended family has always been a source of much emotional support for me. My mother has several siblings and they each have children, so I have many aunts, uncles, and cousins. They always ask what I am doing in my life and they give me suggestions. They are not afraid to criticize me  if they feel it is warranted, such as for eating too much junk foods or not studying hard enough. In Chinese culture, these comments would never be taken as offense but instead in a spirit of caring. I always spend much time finding appropriate Chinese New Year gifts for my aunts and uncles as a show of respect. Sometimes the gifts could be as simple as fruit baskets, chocolates, or cake. I just want to show them that I am thinking of them. My family, including parents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, serves as my home base on life. I have always felt that no matter what happened, there is a safe haven with many people who always cared about me. Much of Chinese family culture is expressed over food. If I go to visit one of my aunts and she knew I am coming, then it is sure that she will prepare my favorite noodle dish. Caring is often expressed with food. From my mother and father and several of their siblings and my grandparents, I learned to cook many dishes at a young. I learned mostly at quite a young age. In this way, too, my family has been the biggest influence on my life, as now I cook almost every day and can take care of myself. I do not need to depend on others to cook and I do not have to go to restaurants except for fun. Over meals, much culture gets passed to children as adults talk about what is going on in their lives and how they handle it. They often give advice to children, but it seems to be that there is not as much two-way communications culture as in America and other Western countries. In other words, adults would not often ask children what they think about things. I am sure that I am not the only person who feels that family has been the largest influence in life, and certainly not the only Chinese person with this idea. In fact, when we are away from our families, we try to recreate the experience in some ways. In UC, there are many Chinese students all in the same situation, living away from their home country. We have formed friend groups and often cook together, go to restaurants, or go to other activities. At times, groups of students even go on vacation to New York or Chicago or other locations. As it is in China, most social activities for us here have revolved around eating food. We often chat, give each other advice, and try to help each other to study and make good grades. As vitamin and other health supplements are very popular, we often discuss products  that we have tried or plan to try. Everyone has similar goals and we almost do not even need to say them out loud, because they are widely known. We all come from similar kinds o f families, usually involved in business. Everyone wants to make good grades, be successful, and make their parents happy. My friends are a very important group to me here, but in my overall life, I guess they are not nearly as influential to me as my relatives are. Chinese families were large for many years, sometimes with seven to 10 children. I know that my great grandmother came from a very large family. However, because of overpopulation, China has implemented the one-child policy. Although there are exceptions, the general rule is that only one child is allowed per couple. Now China is becoming a land of spoiled only-children. I often wonder what will happen to China’s family culture and if culture and knowledge will be passed down as efficiently. Many people grow up without uncles, aunts, cousins or, of course, siblings. This seems to be a significant social issue for a country whose character is still collectivist. Perhaps China will make the shift rather quickly to a culture of individualism. Or perhaps they will express collectivism in some other different formats, such as neighborhood groups and volunteer societies. At any rate, eventually rising population of people without close relatives to watch after them as they age will mean a need for more caregiving and health care professionals. There are many aspects that define my life, including my status as a student, family member, and friend. While these are important roles, they do not capture everything about who I am. One element that runs deeper than those items is my culture, most of which I received from relatives. I grew up in China until coming to school at UC. My thinking has certainly been influenced by the time I have spent living abroad, but it nonetheless does continue to be Chinese at the heart. In a Chinese family, your family is almost literally all that you have to depend on in many cases. I am quite thankful that I have a wonderful family.

The Causes of the Financial Crisis in 2008 Essay

The Causes of the Financial Crisis in 2008 - Essay Example It played a striking role in the failure of key businesses. It also contributed to the decrease in consumer wealth estimated to be in trillions of US dollars and a downturn in economic activities that led to global recession of 2008 – 2012 and also contributed to the European sovereign – debt crisis. It led to the increase of the TED spread that reflected an increase in perceived credit risk. The TED spread is the difference between rates of interest on interbank loans and on short – term U.S government debt. The spread of TED increase is shown in the graph below: The spread (in red) increases significantly during the crisis. The spread size is usually denominated in basis points e.g. if the bill rate (T - bill) is 5.1% and ED trades at 5.5% then the TED spread is 40 basis points. The TED spread has fluctuated over time but generally has maintained the range of within 10 and 50 basis points except during the financial crisis. In general the financial crisis cause d a very big damage to the world economy and many researchers have carried out studies to explain the causes of this crisis. We try to look into some of the causes below. Imprudent mortgage lending is considered a cause to the crisis as compared to a backdrop of abundance in credit, reduced interest rates, and over the roof prices for houses, lending standard became hassle free enabling many people to engage in the purchase of houses they couldn’t afford. ... Competitive pressures contributed to the increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Source: U.S census bureau, Harvard University. State of the nation’s housing report 2008 The graph shows the dramatic expansion of subprime lending in the U.S between 2004 and 2006. Another cause was the housing bubble where the Federal Reserve allowed housing prices to sour to an all-time high that was unsustainable. Once the bubble burst as it was bound to, it triggered the crisis. The Federal Reserve maintained interest rates artificially low, per month payments to mortgage were low too and housing prices went up. Home owners took equity loans to pay their initial mortgages and credit card debts until the home prices peaked and the house of cards started to crumble. Mortgage debts would not be increased to pay previous debts. Lack of transparency and accountability in mortgage financing also did contribute to the 2008 financial crisis. Many participants in the housing finance sector contributed to the crisis through the creation of bad mortgages and selling of bad securities with confidence that they won’t be held accountable. Lenders would sell exotic mortgages to home owners without considering the repercussions in case the mortgages failed. Similarly, a trader would sell to investors’ securities that are toxic with fear of personal responsibility in case the contracts failed. The system collapsed through the maximization of personal gains and passing of the problem down the chain from brokers, to realtors, to individuals in rating agencies, and to other market participants. The great promise of managing risk by the ‘originate – to – distribute’ model of finance failed with

I will upload files that include the topic Essay

I will upload files that include the topic - Essay Example The people in the story are exiled from the memories of China and find difficulty in establishing their own identity in an estranged country. Both the stories talk about the people who come to America to construct their life leaving their home, family, attachments and jobs. However the story â€Å" Brave We Are† is more of accepting various culture than the Chinese immigrants of â€Å" The Good Fall†. The two stories talks about hybridity and cultural differences faced by American immigrants . (Thesis) People get mixed and children born out of such hybridity bring multiculturalism which can be a brave action but still a matter of concern. According to ( Naqvi 932)â€Å" Brave we are, we who answer questions that spill forth artlessly from the mouth of nine year old purist questions that can neither be waved not dismissed with ambiguity† The characters in both the novel were not able to switch culture easily as they think . According to(Jin 229) â€Å" Mark Zong has ordered him to leave, but the monk went to a park and hanged himself instead†. By birth, their identity had been shaped by their culture and religion. Being a Muslim from Pakistan, it was not easy for Naqvi to change her cultural identity. As per (Varnum 9-13) â€Å"Cultural psychologists have consistently found different patterns of thinking and perception in different societies, with some cultures demonstrating a more analytic pattern and others a more holistic pattern†. She was locked in to a solitary culture and could not embrace the American culture completely. The American culture is new to Naqvi and being a foreigner accepting the modern life of America is a strange concept for her as well as the Chinese immigrants in â€Å" A Good Fall†. In the novel â€Å" Brave We are†Naqvi a mother faces threats when her son ask her about the meaning of hybridity. She tries to answer the question without her son going deep into the subject. She finds it absurd about the

Theory of Endosymbiosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of Endosymbiosis - Essay Example As they became more interdependent an obligatory symbiosis evolved." (Margulis, Live Chat, n.p.) The Theory of Endosymbiosis also states that eukaryotic undulipodia originated from spirochete bacteria. The term "undulipodia" is used to describe the eukaryotic motility organelles, flagella and cilia. Undulipodia are composed of microtubules in a specific configuration. Microtubules are comprised of several closely related proteins called tubulins. These structures are far larger and more complex than bacterial flagella, which are made of flagellin proteins. The Endosymbiosis Theory postulates that undulipodia may be derived from bacteria through motility symbioses. This idea is referred to as the exogenous hypothesis. The series of explanations that lead up to the detailed elaboration of the endobiotic origins of the flagellum and cilia point to several lines of circumstantial evidence. The argument emphasizes the biology of the organelles themselves, their distribution, and the occurrence of related and analogous structures. The Theory of Endosymbiosis significantly stimulated a variety of analytic approaches to the problem of organelle origins. Support for the endobiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplast is very strong. Margulis included in her theory the proposition that the eukaryotic flagellum evolved from an endosymbiotic spirochete like prokaryote that became part of its eukaryotic protistan host. The major line of information in this regard has come from her studies of an unusual group of spirochetes that live on and in protists. These spiral bacteria depend for their locomotion on bundles of typical bacterial flagella, but some also have microtubules, which are not found in other prokaryotes but are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells.(Avers, 124) There is a substantial amount of evidence within the theory itself to suggest that such a postulation of evolution of the eukaryotic cell is correct, with regard to the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Much of this evidence is based on the differing features of the two types of cells, and similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts and present day prokaryotes, the bacteria. The considerable substantiations, as elaborated above seem to indicate that the theory of serial endosymbiosis is correct. One such fact is that previously non-existing mitochondria or chloroplasts, if required to be freshly produced, cannot be synthesized in the body without the presence of an original organelle. The reason for this is that the nucleus inside the cell, which contains the genetic code for the rest of the cell, encoded onto DNA molecules, does not contain sufficient coding to account for all of the proteins present in the organelles. There are some proteins present in the organelles which are missing altogether in the DNA code of the nucleus and there are some which differ slightly from those present inside the nucleus. The "missing" DNA is accounted for by the loop of DNA present inside the organelle. This DNA is of the same form as is present in all prokaryotic cells. That is, the DNA is circular, and it lies free in the "cytoplasm" of the

Power, Desire, Difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Power, Desire, Difference - Essay Example The specific psychical concerns of the symbolic may have been played down in some feminist writing, political issues have been played down (and deeply confused with psychical ones) in recent critiques of essentialism. The thing is, the challenge to Lacan is often read as, or reduced to, the challenge to patriarchal structures of language and phallogocentrism, which of course in part it is. Lacan's theory also covers the psychical organization, the argument that the symbolic is the condition of sanity; it is not purely about the patriarchal order of language (Chodorow: 1998:167). It should become evident that this facet of Lacan's theory has also received attention in French difference feminisms, especially from Irigaray. Moreover, it is only when this aspect of Lacan's theory is taken into account that the British feminist defence of him makes any sense. The symbolic's patriarchal nature relies on the interlocking functions of the symbolic father, and the notorious phallus. Lacan says the symbolic father intervenes in the imaginary ties between mother and child (Withford: 1986). For Lacan the actual father matters infinitely less than his structural, symbolic position as an intervening third party. In the imagination, the father's place is similar to the occupied by language, in that language intervenes in the imaginary dyad as the symbolic words that rupture the threads of phantasy that hold lack at bay and the illusion of union in place. To borrow the vocabulary of mainstream psychoanalysis for a moment, this intervention is critical to the process of psychical differentiation, to the subject's differentiating itself from others; and this is one reason why sanity relies on the symbolic (Withford:1988). How changing the sex of either the intervening third party or the primary care-giver, or the actual father's social spot, would af fect the process of differentiation is another matter; but real changes in either parenting models or the social position of women and men must have consequences for the symbolic. The phallus is the mark of need, and diversity in general and sexual difference in particular. As the mark of need, it pertains to the fact that the subject is not complete unto itself. It is here that the symbolic father and phallus connect; the former breaks up the illusion of unity, the latter represent that break (Withford: 1986:7). As the mark of difference in general, the phallus is allied with the logos, with the principle that the identification of difference is the condition of logic and language alike. That is to say, thinking as such requires difference. This brings to a critical Lacanian claim that sexual difference is the crucial one in being able to speak, thus think; and, mutatis mutandis, that speaking is critical to sexual difference. The visual recognition of sexual difference is a channel connecting the heterogeneous experience of the feeling, sensing body to something that is strange to it: the differential structure of language; in turn, that language allows it n ame the difference. In short, Irigaray, like Mitchell, may have a clinical issue in mind: the idea that the phallus is represented by the penis implies, according

Challenges in The Developing Ethical Practice in Health Care Essay

Challenges in The Developing Ethical Practice in Health Care - Essay Example The ethical practice in health care industry faces different challenges each day. Given are some common scenarios that nurses encounter, and how it is being handled. II. The Foundation of the Code of Ethics The set of rules is widely known as the â€Å"code of ethics.† The word â€Å"ethics† is derived from Greek terminology ethos, which implies conduct and character, among many others, such as practices and habitual operation. It is a universal code practiced by many nurses all over the world with a common goal in line with the â€Å"Nightingale Pledge,† which was first used in 1893. The pledge is the physician’s counterpart of the â€Å"Hippocratic Oath.† An ethical practice in the nursing field includes basic ethical obligations, which nurses are presumed to follow. Nurses are responsible for how they interact in terms of offering comfort and respecting their patient’s requests, their patients’ family members and/or friends, communi ty, and colleagues, in a professional manner (Canadian Nurses Association, 2008, p. 2). A responsible nurse is a good nurse; being responsible is an indispensable trait since an ethical practice is merely a guiding principle to help nurses in decision-making, and therefore, it is the nurse’s decision to whether or not follow and practice the ethical code. The Canadian Nurses Association (2008) believed that in order for the ethical practice to be considered as such, these factors have to be weighed: the nurses’ word to do good; views on ethical topics; and his or her interrelationship communication skills, to deal either in an individual or a group of people who requires medical attention (p. 4). Moral integrity is one’s ability to keep their ethics intact under any circumstances. III. Moral Identity in Ethical Practice Nurses give qualified and ethical treatment filled with compassion. A lot of professions, especially the ones in the non-medical field, often do not have guiding principles to the extent of the ethical code being practiced in the nursing field. Whereas the same level of compassion is not really needed in other professions, as mentioned in the Canadian Nurses Association (2008), one of the nurses’ roles is to deliver compassionate service by talking in a sensible manner that communicates care and act in a way that shows empathy (p. 8). Empathy and compassion allow nurses to even feel the patient’s pain to some degree, which is a valuable trait, because it shows the human element in communicating caring is evident. A. Moral Identity Moral identity is an intellectual depiction of a person’s ethical character, which is innate by nature and projected externally (McFerran, Aquino, & Duffy, 2010). Its blueprint is characterized by the actions and the corresponding people involved in it, such as colleagues, the organization, or even the society in general. As an example, based on the code of ethics, a critical care nurse, according to the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (2012) may intervene when the patient’s interest is in question, as in the case of patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Similarly, they can speak on a patient’s behalf according to the patient’s beliefs and values. The importance of getting compassion from someone has

Lease Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lease Review - Assignment Example These clauses will be discussed and possible remedies for change given. One problem that may arise from the lease agreement has to do with the no pets allowed clause. This is because I own a pet that I have owned for a long time and which is a family favourite as it helps an autistic cousin who lives with us. Two types of laws, which would provide a tenant with the right to keep their pets where there is a provision against pets like this exist. One of them is local or municipal law, which holds that provisions against keeping pets are waived if the tenant keeps a pet and the landlord does not enforce the said no pet’s provision in the first 3 months in which the tenant is openly and notoriously keeping the pet in their house (Garner & Frith 38). In addition, local laws and federal laws will also allow a tenant to keep pets even where the landlord has expressly insisted on no pets allowed. Those laws prohibit discrimination against disabled people, mandating the landlord to gr ant tenants reasonable accommodation that is required for disabled persons to enjoy and use their new home (Garner & Frith 38). These laws should be used to correct the lease agreement to allow me to keep pets where there is opposition even from fellow neighbours who obey their lease agreement. While the landlord may be within his rights, these prohibitions are overridden by superseding laws. Another problem that may arise from the lease agreement is the access to the house by the landlord. While this would not be such a problem in other circumstances, keeping a pet in the house for the first three months to prevent its removal will be compromised by the landlord coming into the house when he wishes. There are very many variables to the in the definition of what reasonable access for the landlord is. What can be considered reasonable will be dependent on each individual circumstance. Standard terms will give the basis on which the correction to the lease agreement will be made (Garn er & Frith 49). These terms contend that landlords cannot access the house before 8 in the morning and after 6 in the evening, on public holidays, and on Sundays. Since the pet dog is usually in the house during these periods, the lease agreement can be changed. In addition, it can be corrected by insisting the lease agreement includes a clause that entry can only be granted where the tenant consents, there are issues of safety and health, and where urgent repairs are required during these periods. The lease agreement could also include a clause that does not allow the landlord to interfere with the tenant’s reasonable peace, privacy, or comfort (Garner & Frith 50). This will place a restriction on access the landlord may be entitled to. While the tenant is required by law to allow the landlord some access, this access may at times be in breach of the discussed clause, which the tenant is allowed to refuse. The third problem that arises from the lease agreement entails the cl ause on indemnity regarding use of premises. The problem could arise where fellow neighbors cause damages or children cause damage to neighbors’ properties together with other children living in the leased property. To ensure that this is corrected in the lease, the indemnity can be changed so that it is in the form of cross-indemnity, rather than just one way from tenant to landlord so as to

Null Hypothesis Process Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Null Hypothesis Process Analysis - Essay Example In addition, the organization adopts the null hypothesis that, it is policies rather than approaches which determine organizations productivity. As such, the essay develops a critical analysis through which to evaluate the individual theory against the organizational null hypothesis. Currently, the organization applies the null hypothesis that there exists no productivity impact based on the management approach used. Therefore, the hypothesis is established on the assumption that an organization’s policy influences its productivity and future market success. The global market system is changing with increasing global competitions from both local and international organisations. There is the need to develop systems and practices to increase global market presence and competitiveness. To this end, the organization argued that one of the strategic approaches through which to achieve increased competition was through the reduction of the overall costs of production in the organiza tion. Also, the organization adopted the need to reduce infrastructure development and installation costs required in the development and adoption of modern technology. As Heneman and Greenberger (85) stated, although this approach reduces organizational management costs in the short run period, this hypothesis can be disapproved in the future. On one hand, the application and use of paper work reduces an organisations strategic competitive through reduced response time. With the application and use of paperwork HR management approach.

American involvement in World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American involvement in World War I - Essay Example 1880 witnessed a wave of labor organization and at the core was the Knights of labor which was the initial group to manage unskilled together with skilled workers, women and men. The group witnessed a huge number of workers in 1886 in strike, boycotts, political action and educational as well as social activities. In this period, labor reformers put forth a wide array of programs that included eight-hour day, public employment, currency reform, socialism and creation of vague â€Å"cooperative commonwealth† (Foner 667). All the ideas were brought by the conviction at the time that social conditions required drastic change; hence the labor movement launched sustained assault based on the understanding of freedom and liberty of contract. Therefore, the remedy was to incorporate republican principles into the industrial system by assuring a basic set of economic rights to all Americans (Foner 667). After the civil war, the president at the time Lincoln signed the emancipation pro clamation that liberated some of the slaves at the time within the president’s authority. Although, the documented did not apply in loyal border slave states, the proclamation set off euphoria among the free slaves and abolitionists from the north and slaves in the south. Hence, the war that aimed at preserving the union resulted in abolition of slavery under government authorization (Foner 551). After the end of the civil war the United States became a new nation because for the first time the nation was wholly free after the destruction of slavery (Foner 587). Instead of land distribution, reconstruction governments pinned their hopes in southern economic growth... American involvement in World War I The war appeared to develop the new nationalist nation that Roosevelt together with other progressives preferred (Foner 780). Abuse of civil liberties in early 1920 was severe that the events dealt a devastating setback to radical and labor organizations of every kind and initialized intense identification of patriotic Americanism with support of political and economic status quo (Foner 803). The 1920s witnessed profound social tensions between rural and urban Americans participants in the burgeoning consumer culture and individuals who did not share the prevailing prosperity. In this period, conservatism dominated both the political system and consumerism because Americans seemed to dress alike and admire same larger than-life celebrities (Foner 819). The 1932 depression saw the country’s economy hit rock bottom resulting high unemployment, few working hours and drastically low wages an indication that the not only did the industrial economy suffer, but the nation that led th e prosperity in 1920s. The depression changed American life because it reversed the long-standing movement of individuals from farms to cities (Foner 850). Moreover, the long-standing division between the competing conceptions of woman freedom crystallized in the debate regarding Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) because female liberation resurfaced as a lifestyle, stuff of advertising, devoid of connections to political and economic radicalism (Foner 826-827).

The fairy and the bear Essay Example for Free

The fairy and the bear Essay FhtfyrfytfftyfuydtrdFriendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar  Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship  cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been  asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar  Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to

Importance Factors in Crime Scene Preservation

Importance Factors in Crime Scene Preservation According to the lecture on crime scene management the process of crime scene management is as follows. The different role players within the SAPS respond to the crime scene with due consideration personal safety, while at same time looking for potential evidence and possible suspects. The researcher wants to determine whether the role players from the components such as the visible policing, detectives and the Local Criminal Record Centre attended the murder crime scenes with the purpose of obtaining the required evidential material for linking suspects with the crime scene and for court purposes, further to determine whether such role players has the expertise to identify possible suspects at the murder scenes, SAPS (2006). In terms of SAPS, DCLP (2006) and SAPS Policy Number 1 (2004) on crime scene management, the procedure in the crime scene of crime is as follows: The first member to arrive at the crime scene will receive the crime scene from the members of the public and immediately take control of the scene and identify the injured victims. The first member will establish the command centre and act as Acting Commander for the Centre until the Official Commander is appointed. The Acting Commander will administers all the resources as required by the crime scene role-players examples of such resources are visible policing, Specialized units, Emergency services, Defence Force units etc and if the scope of the crime scene escalates (i.e) incident where public order policing or the task force is required, a major aircraft crash or any major operation), the command centre will further supported by the establishment of a field joint operational centre. The establish excess routes to the crime scene for control purpose. The first member will hand over the crime scene to the appointed crime scene manager on arrival who will be accompanied by the detectives and the crime scene technician and conduct a detail inspection to determine certain key aspects of the crime scene. The crime scene manager, the crime scene technician and the investigating officer will gain on the first walk through plan and agree on the crime scene investigation, processing strategy and methodology which they will follow. The crime scene manager will appoints the investigating officer who will be the principal investigator and be responsible for the maintaining of the case docket, investigating officer to co-ordinates the investigating team and for the maintaining the investigation diary and keeping track of the whole process and the investigating team is responsible for information gathering and proceeds which the interviewing of witnesses and taking down statements (SAPS 2006). The crime manager will also appoints the crime scene technician who will be the principal processing expert on the crime scene and evaluates the evidence possibilities and assembles the processing team with the correct skills to effectively process the crime scene. Crime scene technician will be supported by specialists available to assist the processing team on the crime; such specialists are provided by the Forensic Science Laboratory, Pathology, etc. The processing team will prepare a realistic visual representation of the scene to a court of law (SAPS 2006). After the crime scene team has completed their activities in the crime scene, the crime scene manager will conducts a final walk through of the scene, accompanied by the investigating officer and the crime scene technician. The purpose of walk-through is to review the activity of the investigation and processing team, ensuring that the original plan has been executed. The crime scene manager will conduct a debriefing with all role players as the last opportunity to collect any wrong decision made during the process and to ensure that all required actions have been performed. The crime scene manager will restore the crime scene and ensuring that all equipments has been removed and authorised the crime scene to be released to the public (SAPS 2006). Sometime after the event the crime scene manager calls a meeting with all the relevant role players to evaluate the process for lessons learnt planning the on going investigation, commenced on successes and identify mistakes. Cox (2009) in her article, explains that in order to ensure that the evidence is protected, the first person at the crime scene should secure it with barriers and or crime scene tapes soon after arriving at the crime scene, in addition, some should act as security guard so that people who do not belong at the location are kept out of the crime scene. According to Lee, Palmbach Miller, (2001), the first responders to a crime scene are usually Police, Emergency Medical personnel or Fire Department personnel. Their actions at the scene are often the foundation for the successful resolution of the crime. These first responding Officers are also in many cases some of the individuals, who may, through the course of doing their job, inadvertently change or alter the crime scene from its original condition, Lee, et al (2001). They further emphasized that those persons must do their job but they must always keep in mind that they will begin the process of linking the crime scene to the victim, the witness and ultimately, to the suspect. Any disruption of the crime scene may prevent the link to the suspect. The critical matters such as training, education, experience are all necessary for any potential first responder Lee et al, (2001). The process to be followed according to Roland (2007) correspond with (SAPS 2006) in the sense that the first Officers to respond are responsible for the securing the crime scene and preserving it as they found it. This means ensuring that nothing is touched or moved so that any physical evidence is not compromised or contaminated, if there are victims displaying signs of life the Police will call a team of Paramedics to give on site assistance if they did not respond to the initial emergency call. The injured can then be removed to Hospital, but dead bodies need to be left as they were found since vital causes can be obtained from studying the position and condition of the victim. The senior investigating officer will begin by interviewing the officers who were first on the scene to get their initial impression of the location and the behaviour of those who were directly involved. In a murder enquiry the suspects residence will require searching as well as the site where the body of the victim has been discovered. Team is led by a crime scene controller who answers to a superior the superior then reports to the investigating officer. When the crime scene is a house, an apartment, commercial building or vehicle all which can be sealed off and examined in the minutes detail and if murder or violent attack has occurred in one area of a building . The whole property will be considered relevant to the case and will be scoured for clause. When exterior location Police may have to extend the perimeter to includes vehicle tyre tracks, footprints and areas where there is a change of finding personal items, discarded cigarettes butts, a weapon or trace evidence which might have been snagged on undergrowth. It is a burial site for murder victims. There could be other makeshift graves in the area all in which will save to be excavates, photographed and combined for physical evidence. Exterior scene may also have to be isolated by a tent to protect evidence from the effects of whether and to exclude the prying eyes of curiosity seekers and media Roland (2007). It is clear that the procedure for the first person to arrive at the scene of crime is to ensure that the crime is protected for potential evidence. Cox(2009), Lee, el at 2001) and Roland (2007) support the (SAPS1 (2004) on crime scene management as well as the SAPS DCLP (2006). Wayne, Patherick, Brent, Turvey, Claire Ferguson (2010) indicates that particular attention should be given to determine if this is the only scene or whether there are secondary crime scenes that need to be located. Investigators will have only a limited amount of time to work a crime site in its untouched state. The opportunity to permanently record the scene in its original state must not be lost, such records will not only be useful during an investigation but are also required for presentation at trial Wayne et al (2010). Wayne et al (2010) has also stated that it is important that upon arrival at the scene investigators implement crime scene procedures, supervise uniform personnel and provide direction to the investigation to facilitate this. An investigative team should be nominated. This team should consist of an arresting officer, a corroborating officer, and an exhibit officer. This procedure is standard in most Police services for any major crime. The exhibits officer is responsible for protection and collection of exhibits, through to the examination of exhibits and their final production in court cases. The arresting officer and the corroborating officer are responsible for interaction with suspects and have final responsibility prosecuting the matter to trial. This team should be overseen by a senior Detective who has a broad management role in ensuring that a major incident room (MIR) or command post is established to support and manage investigative functions at the crime scene and also at later stages of the investigations Wayne et al (2010). Furthermore Wayne et at (2010) elaborates the initial assessment stage of crime scene that the trained investigators should have control of the investigation and begin to identify possible witnesses and suspects they should begin this stage by evaluating physical evidence located with a view to assisting with suspect generation by prioritising the most evidence (e.g) DNA located at a scene is powerful evidence as compared to an un-identified item such as clothing). It is also at this point that the investigators should familiarise themselves with the victim by performing interviews with the victim if still alive, or alternatively by conducting a victim logy (or profile) if the victim is the deceased. The profile should include the history of the victim, associates, criminal links, family and financial records. This step is important because the characteristics of a victim can provide links to possible suspects in particular, investigators may be able to draw inferences about the offe nders motive, modus operandi, and signatures behaviour (Turvey, 1999). Having done this, the investigators should be able to know the information about the victim. Wayne et al (2010). According to Wayne et al (2010) during the investigation stage the investigators undertake the most challenging work. At this point investigators must attempt to establish a motive for the crime, if this can be done, it must be accurate, then this information will greatly assist in reducing the suspect pool. Witness account also need to be closely examined at this stage and evaluated as to the assistance they can build a profile for the suspect. In this stage investigators should be ensuring that trained experts are evaluating all available physical evidence. Wayne et al (2010) further explain about the target stage of having carried out thorough examination of the crime scene, investigators need to build a profile for potential suspects from evidence available during the target stage. The investigators should then test the velocity of the evidence by seeking links between the suspect and the crime. All available evidence needs to be channelled into providing a nexus between the susp ect and the victim, in relation to time, place and motive. It is at this point the investigators need to be fully conversant with the investigations gathered by investigators with regards to build a profile for potential suspects. The investigators should develop an investigative interview plan so that when the suspect is confronted, the investigators are clear of the direction and purpose of the action or questioning that they undertake in the arrest stage, Wayne (et al 2010). According to Jackson, Andrew and Jackson, Julie (2004) the duties of the first Police Officer attending and preservation of the crime scene is as follows: Maintain the value of any physical evidence that may be present. Carry out an initial assessment of the scene. Deal with any emergencies (the overriding duty of the first officer attending is to preserve life, irrespective of whether crucial evidence is destroyed in the process). Call for assistance as necessary. Preserve the scene (unless it has been decided that physical evidence will not be recovered. Make an appropriate records of his or her assessment and actions (included in this times at which any key events took place, such as the first officer attending arrival at the scene and any estimated time of the incident that may be available from, for example, eyewitnesses. Communicate his or her assessment and actions to those who will take over the responsibility for the processing of the scene and or those responsible for the investigation of the case. Provide appropriate information about the processing of the case to those members of the public who are directly involved. The fi rst officer attending the crime scene must during his or her initial assessment, ascertain whether any of the following are present or nearby. Injured persons victims. Eyewitnesses (who should be kept separate from one another, by the first officer attending need to avoid conversation between the eye witnesses that could distort their memories of the incident). Suspects (who must be kept separate from each other and from witnesses) it should be borne in mind that seemingly innocent might, in fact be suspects in case. Further Jackson et al (2004) provides that any crime scene from which physical evidence is recovered and recorded, this process is also known as documenting the crime scene. This is done by making written notes that are augmented by photographs, video recordings and or sketches, as appropriate Jackson et al (2004). Jackson et al (2004) also mentioned the following recording on the crime scene. There must be a record of each item of physical evidence recorded from the scene, detailing the identified of the person who recovered it, the time and date at which it was recorded, the exact location from which it was taken and a description of the item involved. A log of all images taken of the scene (whether by still photographing conventional digital or video recording) describing for each images. The exact location of the camera operator The identity of the camera operator The direction in which the camera was pointed. The time and date at which it was captured. Any special lighting or other conditions used. Any special light or other condition used. The items and / or area of the scene from which the image was captured. A log of any sketches made of the scene. A detailed description of the surroundings of the crime scene. A record of the conditions of whether and light that prevailed during the processing of the scene and a thorough description of the crime scene itself in the condition in which it was found prior to the removal of any physical evidence, including details or any features that might be of evidential worth (such as the location and condition of any likely points of the entry and or exits by the individuals involved in the incident). It is clear that on the crime scene the physical evidence needs to be protected for potential evidence. Wayne et al (2010) and Jackson et al (2004:19) support to each other in terms of the process of crime scene management. According to Savino, John, Brent and Turvey (2005) provides the information to be learned from the crime scene as follows: Investigators can experience the sights, smells and sound of the crime scene, as the victim and the offender perceived them. Investigators can experience the spatial relationship with the scene. Investigators can experience how open, or secluded the scene is, suggesting possible witnesses. Investigators can experience how accessible or hidden the scene is to those not from the area, suggesting possible suspect populations. Investigators can learn what kind of traffic (vehicle and pedestrian), residences or businesses are nearby, suggesting possible witnesses and suspect populations. Investigators can experience transfer evidence first hand, vegetation, soil, glass, fibres, and any other material that may have transferred on to the victim or offender may transfer on to them, providing examples of what to look for on suspect clothing or in suspects vehicles. Investigators can walk victim and offender routes themselves, seeing the sight first hand, in order to discover additional witnesses and suspect population. This witnesses can include businesses with active surveillance camera that may have recorded some or all of the crime Savino et al (2005). The attentive investigators may discover items of evidence previously thought lost and according to Savino and Turvey (2005) further elaborate the crime scene dos and donts that, locards exchange principle. Every contact result in a transfer of evidence contact between items in around and obliterate it. The investigator needs to be on the crime scene and have some contact with the evidence, as do Forensic personnel however, reasonable steps can be taken to minimize how much evidence is added, moved and obliterated consider the following guidelines. Do not enter the crime scene until you have signed in on the crime scene security log. If there is not a security log, start one. The security log should contain name, agency, function, time in and out, and clothing description for later exclusionary purposes. One person should be assigned to maintain the log. Make certain that someone is assigned to photograph the crime scene and surrounding areas. Part of this assignment involves maintaining a log of each roll of film and each item and location photograph. Make certain that someone is assigned to sketch the crime scene. A rough sketch should be prepared at the scene showing measurements between items of evidence and spatial relationships within the scene. A final or smooth sketch is prepared later, based on notes, photos, and other information gathered from the scene (Lee). Make certain that someone is assigned to maintain and evidence log. Do not collect multiple items of evidence in one bag or under one evidence number. This provides for potential cross -contamination. Wear disposable latex gloves at all times- this will help prevents the transfer of fingerprints, sweat, and other material from your bare hand on the scene. Change gloves every time you touch a new item on the scene. This will help prevent cross-contamination between items at the same that you have touched. Do not dispose gloves by carelessly discarding them in the scene. They could wind up in the crime scene photo obscuring evidence, or worse, somebody might collect them as evidence and run lab tests to determine their origin. Do not touch everything in sight. When you touch an object, you may move it from its original position or obliterate any evidence that may have been transferred to its surface during the crime, such as a fingerprints or biological fluids containing valuable DNA. Keep your hands in your pockets until they are needed. Do not wonder aimlessly through the crime scene. Do not touch, move or otherwise alter items of evidence before documenting them (photographs, measurements, etc) Do not stage collection effort from furniture involved in the crime. Set up your equipments elsewhere, away from areas of potential evidence transfer. Do not use the telephone on the scene. The offender may have used the phone. This evidence that should be seized and processed for fingerprints and other potential transfer evidence also, phone records should be checked for all incoming and outgoing local and long distance calls, as far back as possible. Do not use the television and / VCR at the scene. The offender may have used them, examine buttons for latent prints. Also, cable TV records should be checked both authors have worked cases where the offender has watched TV and / or ordered pornographic movies while waiting for the victim to return home. Do not use the bathroom. The offender may have the bathroom and may have lifted the toilet seat. The toilet should be seized and processed for fingerprints and other potential transfer evidence. Do not smoke, smoking changes smells of the air and results in hot ashes that have the potential to contaminate, melt, or even burn /ignite potential evidence. It also results in discarded cigarettes butts that may be confused as evidence. Do not eat into the crime scene and dropped food could contaminate or obliterate potential evidence. Do not drink. This is destruction and will results in refuse that could find its way into the crime scene and get more potential collected as evidence, also spilled liquids could contaminate or obliterate potential evidence. Do not spit, spitting result in the transfer of biological material into a crime scene. Do not bring civilians to a crime scene. This kind of thing show a lack of respect and professionalism, as well as introducing more potential transfer evidence into the scene and increasing the possibility that evidence may be carelessly contaminated or obliterated. Do not allow your superiors or colleagues to be civilians to a crime scene. Leave sealed containers sealed. Do not open sealed containers and sniff inside to determine the contents by odour. They may contain hazardours or toxic material such anhydrous ammonia, a necessary ingredient, especially the eye, skin, and respiratory tract will cause dehydration, cell destruction, and serve chemical burns. Do not touch pools of liquid in the crime scene. This is TV and movie behaviour done for dramatic effects to sell a scene, it has no place in real Forensic work. If you do not know what something is you think it is important follow the appropriate documentation and collection procedures and submit it to the LAB for analysis. Do not taste anything at the crime scene. This also TV behaviour done for dramatic effect to sell a scene, it has no place in real Forensic work. Do not interview the victim in the place where the attack occurred. This is extremely insensitive and may erode the trust between the victim and the investigator, to say nothing for potentially re-traumatising the victim. Do not leave the crime scene to get something to eat, play lotto, go back to the office, or work on something else, until you are done. Make written notes of everyone in the crime scene and each persons role. That way youll know whom to call later if you need statement. Take written notes of everything in the crime scene that get your attention because nothing is significant to record if it catches ones attention. Do not lead a victim family members from the crime scene through the area where there attack occurred unless there is no other way. Supervisors in charged of the crime scene with reviewing the work of an investigative unit do well to note those issues during performance reviews. They should also measure to ensure that once this kind of mistakes are discovered, they are not related. This can be accomplished by training and by the example set by seasoned investigators. Ignorance of physical evidence and protocol usually starts at the top, with those in charge and finds its way down through the ranks. Savino et al (2005). It is evident that members who attended the crime scene must follow the information guidelines of Savino et al (2005). According to Van Heerden (1982) the scene of crime can clarify, amongst others the following: The position of the deceased body and of various objects in relation to the body, can for example be important indications of the case of death. This means that whether the death is as results of murder, suicide or accident. The direction from which criminal approached the scene of crime and the manner in which the scene was left. The method used to commit the crime. The identity of the victim. The identity of the offender and the nature of his involvement in the crime. In view of the clarification as alluded by VAN HEERDEN (1982) it is important to illustrate how the potential evidence should be recognized, protected, recorded, collected and packaging, labelled or marked, submission for analysis, maintenance of chain of possession of presentation in court. Marais, Rooyen, Pretorius, De Beer, Smith and Mostert (1992) et al provides that the following legal requirements should be critical importance to the investigator. Before physical evidence can be collected it must obviously be recognized. In a murder investigation one usually concentrates on the weapon or object that was used that caused the death. A search is also made here for blood, hair, fibres and tissue in an effort to connect the criminal with the crime scene. Case and common sense should be always prevail with due precaution not to destroy physical evidence that may exist and the guidelines offered in this regard that the scene should be observed in its entirely and notes made of the location of all obvious physical clues, points of entry and exit signs of location (struggle) and the size and share in the area should be restricted and care taken not to destroy or to disturb any evidence during the examination, a suitable search method must be decided upon and during the search of an indoor scene. Special attention should be paid to fragile evidence that may be easily destroyed or contaminated. Places or objects where latent fingerprints may be found and other physical clues to be examined by the experts later need to be seemed. Comprehensive notes should also be made of all stains, spots, liquids and the like which could prove to have evidential value. The scene and surrounding areas must be demarcated off to ensure that valuable physical evidence is not destroyed or damaged by vehicles people or animals. The three main ways in which evidence is recorded are photographs sketches and written notes by the investigator. The photographs provides a permanent record of the object in the evident that subsequent handling alters or destroy it. An example is where attempts to make a plaster of a footprint ruin the impression or a laboratory examination, destroy the evidence an opportunity for the investigator to review the physical evidence in the case without handling the actual objects and opportunity for the officials of the court to examine evidence which is too dangerous, cumbersome or impressions on a door. Rough sketch of the scene is usually drawn by the investigator for the main purpose to indicate the precise location of people and objects involved. Specific measurements of distances on the area, and the exact location of all relevant evidence. The investigators notes contain the complete records of all evidence collected on the crime scene. Documentation of where and how the evidence was obtained, every items collected should be entered in the notes, the date, time, exact location and circumstances of how each item of evidence was obtained, should be included as well as a full description of it and how the evidence was marked Van Heerden (1982). Collection and packaging of the physical evidence provides that great care must be taken to collect all objects and samples intact, uncontaminated, un-mutilated and it should be borne in mind that to satisfy legal requirements related to its introduction at a judicial proceeding, the investigator must be able to identify each piece of evidence, even years after it was collected, described the location and condition of the item at the time it was collected. Assist in establishing that, from the time of its collection until presentation in court, the evidence was continuously in proper custody and assist in describing any changes which may have occurred in the evidence between the time of collection and the subsequent introduction as evidence in court and the adherence to correct packaging techniques is essential. Faulty packaging can result in contamination, evaporation, scratching, binding, damaging and general loss of physical evidence. Packaging and the packaging material must be o f such quality that evidence do not move about and get damaged during the following process: The investigator should mark each item as soon as possible after discovered. The basic information on the label should include : type of evidence (fibres, hair, metal drillings, soil etc) date and time of day evidence samples were collected, case number, exhibit number or other identifying number and source from which the sample was obtained that is victim s shirt, collar, front doorknob, left headlight or automobile etc. Preservation of the integrity of physical evidence is a continuous responsibility from the time it is discovered until the time it is presented in court or until the final settlement of the case determines its description. Preservation implies maintaining the evidence without altering tampering, contamination, loss or injury, physical evidence. Preservation involves forwarding to the laboratory for examination and analysis, obtaining it from the laboratory and keeping it safe under lock and key where it cannot be tampered with until it is delivered in court. In submission of physical evidence for analysis, only physical evidence that has a bearing on the committed crime should be send to the laboratory. No restriction is placed on the nature and number of samples. The chances of success are usually personally enhanced by the more samples that are received. Physical evidence is usually personally delivered to the laboratory or sent by post or trial. It is sometimes necessary for the c rime investigator to personally deliver physical evidence to the laboratory. In practice the method of delivery is determined by the distance from the laboratory, the seriousness of the case and the size of the physical evidence to mark all exhibits clearly that is the station case number e.g. exhibit A seal all exhibits with legible seal number, the full addresses of the sender and the Forensic Science Laboratory must appear on each parcel and a covering minute in duplicate must accompany each exhibit with the requirement that two(2) covering minutes must accompany each individual parcel Van Heerden (1982). With maintenance of the chain of possession, continuity of possession, that is the continuous safekeeping and identification of physical evidence, is essentially important in the individualisation when the crime investigator fails to properly identify or safe keep samples, that is, objects or items found at the crime scene or in possession f the perpetrator, it lowers the value of laboratory analysis to a minimum. The integrity of physical evidence is often questioned by the defence in court. The correct methods applied during collection, marking and packaging of evidence may nullified if account cannot be given of the persons who handled evaluated or safeguard the samples in order to preserve the integrity of physical evidence to limit the number of individuals who handle the evidence from the time it is found to the time it is presented in court. If the evidence leaves once possession, records in your notes to whom it was given in time and date, the reason for being given to anothe r and when and by whom it was returned, ensure that the persons handling the evidence affix their names, force number and assignment to the package. Obtain a signed receipt from the person accepting the evidence when the evidence in returned, check for your identification

Unequal distribution of resources in society

Unequal distribution of resources in society The following discussion will concentrate on social inequalities in health which have lead to the unequal distribution of resources in the society. Health inequalities refers to the differences in the prevalence of incidence of health outcomes between population groups and range by socio-economic groups and geographical area (Graham 2000). Gender which has socially constructed roles of female and male identity, can therefore compound health inequalities which generate the underlying socio-economic inequalities thereby affecting some social groups badly. Research on gender inequalities have developed but the rapid social change in the lives of men and women and an increased questioning of an oversimplified established wisdom about gender and health makes a critical retrospective timely development in social theory which raise new questions about gender inequalities (Fried, 2007). Gender inequalities in society lead to inequalities in health. Most societies give greater status and power to men and this has adverse impact on the health of women. Domestic abuse occurs mostly against women. Thus, womens health is profoundly affected by the ways they are treated and the status they are given in society (NHS Lothian, 2004). Distinct roles and behaviours of men and women in a given culture are dictated by their culture, gender, norms and values which gives rise to gender differences. Gender differences and gender inequalities can therefore give rise to inequalities between men and women in health status and the access to health care (World Health Organization, 2009). Apart from the internalized ideologies of gender that are acquired, all societies are structured around hierarchical systems whereby sex together with age form the vital organizing features. Gender differences in access to and control over key material and social resources result not only in inequalities of health and wellbeing, but also inequalities in power, knowledge, making independent decisions relating to sexual and reproductive decisions and to act on them in health seeking behaviour (Oakley, 1998). So, if biological predispositions form one basis for inequalities in reproductive health and cultural difference (Graham, 2000), then the distribution of resources within the household, family and community forms an additional layer of differences reflecting inequalities of gender. According to Walby (1997), gender norms and values and the resulting behaviours are affecting health in a negative way. Gender can be one of the major obstacles standing between men and women and the achievement of well-being. Women have lower incomes and make seventy-five percent of single pensioner households and are likely to bear inequality in health related to poverty (Scottish Executive, 2003).Walby (2000) writes that the actions of the European Union are limited by its primary concern with standard employment whereas women are often employed in non-standard forms such as part-time and temporary employment and thus many women do not benefit from its regulations. She went on to explain the extent to which the family form involves women as housewives or workers. This is therefore more complex than the use of gender norms because the different types not only by different types of values but also by the form of the welfare state. Gender as well as socio-economic position mediates exposure to material, psychosocial and behavioral risks (Annandale and Hunt 2000: 1996) Men have traditionally been exposed to the industrial injuries associated with skilled manual work yet women experience the disadvantages of contributing to affective disorder, poor home environment with heavy childcare responsibilities as well as low levels of social support since most women if they are employed, they are on low pay. Women bear extensive caring and nurturing responsibilities and a higher prevalence of poverty. According to Wobbe (2003) stress of making ends meet impacts the health of women leading to mental health illnesses. He explains that enforced childbearing, overwork and poorer access to food compared to men meant that womens life expectance in society was affected more than mens. According to Graham (2000) ,only females are exposed to problems relating to menstruation, pregnancy, abortion, miscarriage, childbirth and lactation. It is only women who experience breast or cervical cancer or pelvic inflammatory disease. (Lorber ,2000) says only men are at risk of prostate cancer, impotence or problems related to vacectomies. But, both sexes can experience infertility. Girls and women are at risk of more varied and serious sexual reproductive health problems than boys and men (Connell 2002). Gender based inequalities in health cut across and interact with class inequalities (Scott 1988)Thus, health problems such as iron deficiency, anaemia which is common among women, among the poor and in rural areas can result in highly class-specific patterns of reproductive morbidity and mortality among women. However males do have an excess mortality persisting through to later life. They are at risk of dying in childhood and adulthood from diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Townsend and Davidson (1982:48) writes: The gap in life expectancy between men and women is the most distinctive feature of human health in the advanced society. The death of men in different social classes is in most cases double that of women leading to the cumulative health inequalities between the sexes. Gender and class therefore exert highly significant but different influences on the quality and duration of life in modern society. Connell (1987, 1995, 2002) analyses gender and health and writes t hat men was often reactive to feminism. Men was socialized into the sex-role system in ways which even though they were oppressive to women, they developed men in distorted ways as emotionally repressed and power oriented thus put men at greater risk of early death through suicide and heart disease. Feminist ideologies expressed through by rights and health oriented womens organizations aim at promoting the sexual and reproductive health services and restrictions on contraception methods that are thought to violate religious norms. Inequalities in access result from the denial of family planning services to the unmarried especially in the African culture and from requirements that married women must obtain their husbands consent among other restrictions. Annandale and Hunt (2000) say It is hard to argue that male-female mortality difference are statistical artifact. They suggest that female excess morbidity is socially constructed. Intense social pressure to conform to accepted ideals of masculinity therefore leads men to deny illness out of fear that it displays weakness and are less prepared to report symptoms or use health services compared to women. Health care professionals are faced with challenging social attitude to prevent and manage risk factors to ensure they do not lead to chronic health problems later in life. So professionals have a role in the prevention of abuse by taking challenging actions and condone violence and abusive behaviour that reinforce the gender stereotypes and underpin domestic abuse in women. Women need to be provided with appropriate response which is part of the high quality care that should be delivered. Professionals should feel confident, have access to training, support and adequate information to enable them to support women experiencing domestic abuse. (NHS Lothian, 2000) Professionals should be aware and able to recognize signs of potential abuse in women. They should respond to women in a supportive way and listen to them. The World Health Organisation (2000) say the goals of Gender and Womens Health Department are to increase health professionals awareness of the role of gender and inequali ty in perpetuating abuse, disease and death with the view to eliminate gender as a barrier to good health. The Department of Health (2000) aims to develop an approach to take into account performance management between health authorities about key health issues so as to make targets based on gender specific principles. Females and males think and act differently as a consequences of their socialization and of the gendered society (Walby 2004). The challenge still stands that healthy communities which recognize inequalities should be built and achieved by understanding social issues, changing they way things are done and accepting that the needs of people must be at the heart of everything a professional does. Working with individuals is vital on the part of health professionals and it is their duty to make service users welcome and comfortable especially the one-to-one support which should be client centred. Since women experience child birth, it is the health professionals duty to held the pregnant woman focusing on her individual needs and interest making her understand more about her health care and be able to make decisions about childbirth and caring for her baby. Women often approach health care professionals for help because they need up-to date advice on breastfeeding, solid foods, because the decisions made at the start of a babys life require sensitivity and understanding, thus mothers need reassurance and hence the need for health professionals to work with individuals. Even those women who might have suffered domestic abuse, it is essential to work closely with them individually reflecting on what happened and how best they can be assisted. When working with men as individuals , it should not only allow themselves to talk more openly about their problems, but helps the health professional to find out more about mens psychological ill health. Since most of them will be clinically depressed and the sense of isolation will be profound as they will not be talking to anyone about their concerns or feelings. Thus, health care should be accessible, approachable and achievable for everyone (Department of Health 2000). Working with group as stated by Drummomd (2000), it is essential to work with and understand the views of men and women of the local community for health promotions. The professionals should think laterally and work in small companies where men are under pressure. Services according to Drummond should be in youth centres, unemployment centres and many small groups in the community. The development of local strategic partnership offers opportunities or health authorities and local authority to discuss health issues. To build healthy communities, professionals need to work with local men and women by bringing them into partnership within the locality in which services are placed, working within a context of dialogue that leads to action. Young men are an especially different group to reach because they are not interested in the long-term results of an unhealthy lifestyle but can be persuaded to consider the immediate impact of current ill-health hence the need to change the way health is marketed. (Deville-Almond 2008) it is vital to work with peer support groups such as the prostate cancer a charity which offers men the opportunity to talk to other men to reduce embarrassment when discussing symptom thereby promoting autonomy. Townsend and Davidson(1988) states Inequalities exist also in the utilization of health services, particularly and most worryingly of the preventive services. According to the Health Promotion, women access health services more regularly and it is much easier for health professionals to consult women. Robinson, a community learning consultant explains that if health professionals are to work with men, they must go where they are thereby being flexible I delivering services. She further says that if one is a female professional she should not hesitate to go and work in a working mens club and talk about health issues as this would improve the younger mens health. The Department of Health (2000) argues that services should be sensitive to mens concerns and attitudes. The Health Department Agency (2001) says there should be more mens health clinics, telephone and online services should be developed since most men prefer the anonymity of such services. Opening hours should take into acco unt the commitment of people who work full-time. The role of occupational health services should be strengthened. Mens health needs should be taken into account by the local authority community thus providing the opportunity to take an over acting view of inequalities of all kinds. This essay has shown that women and men share many similar health challenges and the differences are such that the health women deserve particular attention. Even though women live longer men because of biological and behavioural advantages, their longer lives might not be healthy lives because of the biological and social processes they go through which carry health crisis and therefore require health care. Gender inequalities in health are therefore socially governed and thus actionable. Even in health, biology is not destiny, Sex and society, nature and nurture, chromosomes and environments interact to determine who is well or ill, who is treated or not, who is exposed or vulnerable to ill-health and whose health needs are acknowledged or dismissed (Equal Opportunities Commission 2002).