Transferability of Features in Deep Neural - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTransferability of Features in Deep NeuralNetworks. Answer: Problem Definition Deep neural networks in the modern world exhibit a curios phenomenon in that when trained with images, they have a tendency to all learn first layer features that are similar to color blobs or Gabor filters. These filters appear so commonly that if anything else is obtained in natural image datasets, the result is a suspicion that the hyper parameters chosen was done poorly or there is a bug in the software. This phenomenon is seen in different datasets as well as where the training objectives are very different including in situations of supervised image classification, unsupervised sparse representations learning, and unsupervised density learning. Regardless of the natural dataset and the specific cost function, the standard features in first layer systems seem to occur and so these features (first features) are considered general. Further, last layer trained network computed features must greatly depend on the chosen task and dataset; the last layer features are thus termed speci fic (Singh et al., 2015). Given that the first layers are general while last layers are specific, then within the network, there must be a point of transition from general to specific (Joshi, 2017). With this in mind, this pre-research proposal has the following objectives; Objectives To quantify the degree to which a specific layer is specific or general To establish whether the transition from general to specific occur suddenly at a singe layer or whether it occurs spread out out in over many layers To establish where the transition occurs; whether it is near the first, the middle, or the last layer in the network Time Table Task Duration/ Time Evaluating research topics and identifying suitable research area Three Days (Nov 25 2017 to Nov 28 2017) Writing preproposal One day (Nov 29 2017) Pre research data and materials collection One Week Writing formal research proposal One Week Getting professor feedback and making necessary adjustments Two Weeks Designing research methodology Three Days Collecting materials for the research One Week Literature Reviews Two Weeks Designing experimental setup One Week Data Collection One Week Data analysis One Week Discussion of research findings Four Days Making Draft Research Five days Obtaining professor feedback Two weeks Making adjustments and writing final research paper with conclusions and recommendations Two weeks Presenting research One day References Joshi, N. (2017). Combinational neural network using Gabor filters for the classification of handwritten digits (pp. 1-4). Frankfurt: Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studie. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.05867.pdf Singh, B., De, S., Zhang, Y., Goldstein, T., Taylor, G., 2015 (December 01, 2015). Layer- Specific Adaptive Learning Rates for Deep Networks. IEEE 14th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA). 364-368.

The Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians free essay sample

The Choctaw Indians of Alabama are a band of Indians that managed to remain behind in the outer regions of north Mobile and south Washington counties after their tribal lands were given up to the United States in 1830. Beginning in 1830, the most significant period of their removal from their homelands, the majority of the Choctaw tribe was forced along the Trail of Tears settling on reservation lands in Mississippi and Oklahoma. A small group of about 45 families avoided removal by settling and hiding out in the woods surrounding the small communities of Citronelle, Mt. Vernon, and McIntosh. â€Å"There were four major families: the Reed, Weaver, Byrd, and Rivers families. The next largest are the Snow, Johnston, Taylor, Orso, Chestang, and Fields families. Other family names that appear often within the group are Evans, Davis, Cole, Frazier, Smith, Lofton, Hopkins, and Sullivan† (Matte, Greenbaum and Brown, Origins of the MOWA Band of Choctaws). We will write a custom essay sample on The Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over time, other Indians in the area that were without tribal communities of their own joined the Choctaw Indians of Alabama. Today, the Choctaw Indians of Alabama are known as the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians. This tribe took on the name of MOWA in the 1970’s when they began to seek government recognition to identify the Indians in Mobile and Washington Counties who are descended from several Indian Tribes: Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Mescalero, and Apache. Over time the tribal members have intermarried or partnered with nearly 30 different tribes nationally. The name MOWA is an acronym which combines the first syllables of Mobile and Washington counties; the two counties where the tribal reservation straddles both counties. The name â€Å"MOWA† does have a distinctive ring to it; but the name does not have deep roots in Indian linguistics. It was taken on because it was similar to tribal names adopted by other groups who have sought federal recognition. It was also adopted to distinguish them from the Mississippi Band of Choctaws. The MOWAs was the first tribe in Alabama to become incorporated and state recognized. Very little is known of the MOWA Choctaw Indians between the 1830’s and 1890’s because they kept very few written records. Most of their history was passed down by mouth from generation to generation. Their efforts to avoid removal, persecution, and to retain their way of life by hiding in the swamps and piney woods of Mobile and Washington counties; an area that contained enough game to provide their food supply and a good water source that was used for farming was unsuccessful after the white man more than likely used deceptive schemes and underhanded tactics to take ownership of the land that the Choctaws inhabited. The MOWAs lived in poverty and isolation until the 1940’s, struggling to remain alive. Outside of their community there was very little work they were allowed to do. The MOWAs were uneducated so they had to perform work that could be done using their hands. The men hunted and sold game and deerskins and prided themselves on being great negotiators. During the Great Depression in the 1920’s, logging became the primary occupation for many Indians. They begin to log and cut ties for railroads but their major occupation became cutting pulpwood. The women often sold firewood and some of their local wares such as baskets; but the primary responsibility of the women was the farming. An inter-communal system of farming was established where each family raised crops that was typical of the area such as squash, beans, and corn. These crops was raised on communal land and shared among all of the families in the tribe. Many of the women still employ the â€Å"three sisters† method of gardening with beans, squash, and maize. The Choctaw are a traditionally matrilineal society, which means they trace their kinship through females rather than males, some still take their mother’s last name. White and black children attended local but separate public schools. The local whites did not want their children attending school with the Indians so they attended a separate mission schools which were not accredited. After completing the 8th grade, the Indian students had to be sent hundreds of miles away from home to attend boarding schools that were run by various missions and the federal government in order to receive an accredited high chool diploma. Tribal members have attended federal and mission Indian boarding schools such as (Haskell Institute (Lawrence, KS), Bacone Indian College (Muskogee, Oklahoma), and Acadia Baptist (Eunice, Louisiana) for five generations† (J. A. Matte, They Say the Wind is Red The Alabama Choctaw-Lost In Their Own Land). Some of the first college graduates selected teaching as a career and returned in the late 1950’s to help educate more of their own people. The MOWAs have maintained a continuously functioning tribal school for over 175 years. The school bell was used as a means of communicating major events within the community; through a code of rings, the community was made aware of births, deaths, and emergencies† (Ray). The old school bell has been placed in the cemetery of Reed Chapel Church near the Reed Chapel Indian School which is a part of the Washington County Public School System in McIntosh, AL. The first public Indian school in Mobile County was built in 1835 and named the Weaver School but was later renamed Calcedeaver. â€Å"Calcedeaver comes from the names of three consolidated schools. When the Mobile County Public School System took over the operation of the missionary schools of Calvert, Cedar Creek and Weaver, they combined them and tool the Cal from Calvert, Ced from Cedar Creek and eaver from Weaver to form one elementary school, Calcedeaver (McKnight). † Today, Calcedeaver Elementary School sits on the edge of the MOWA reservation in Mt. Vernon, AL and features a Choctaw language and culture program funded through Title VII Indian Education Program. Nicole Williams, a native MOWA, serves as the Native American Interpreter and oversees the program. In an interview with Mrs. Williams, she said â€Å"the grant is meant to keep Native American cultures alive. And it is her job, as she sees it, to instill in our children the cultural aspects of their heritage coinciding with academics, so that their education is academic-based with culture intertwined in it (Williams). † The children not only learn the basics of the Choctaw language, but they also learn traditional circle dances and compete in pow-wows, and the school has a Choctaw culture exhibit with twelve traditional Indian houses. Choctaw songs are sung, greetings in the language are recited over the PA system and elaborate Choctaw regalia are constructed for the dance teams. The tribe has improved its quality of education with Calcedeaver’s language and culture program connecting them to their heritage and keeping the language alive for future generations. Some of the old traditions are still alive and well in everyday life. Many of the women in the community still craft traditional handmade dresses and shirts. Choctaw heritage centers on keeping the many rich traditions of Choctaw culture alive. The most important of these traditions to the MOWAs is the continued use of their native tongue. The Choctaw language has been preserved over the centuries, and today is a central part of their heritage. Modern Choctaw women continue to make clothing, baskets, and cook food that has been part of their Choctaw heritage for centuries. The MOWAs still wear traditional dresses and shirts for ceremonial occasions, creating another tie between themselves and their ancestors. For centuries, Choctaw baskets have been made out of swamp cane and today many MOWA women still practice these techniques and teach them to the younger generations. Hominy and banaha, a mixture of peas and cornmeal, are two of the many traditional Choctaw foods still cooked and eaten by the present day MOWAs from recipes that have traditionally been passed down from mother to daughter. Another tie to Choctaw heritage is the traditional dances performed to chants that are usually part of various social events in the MOWA communities. MOWAs continue to play the traditional game of stick ball. The game of stick ball, an often deadly sport was used to settle disputes between tribes. The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians holds true to many of the traditional Choctaw values. One of the core Choctaw Indian values is their generosity. Respect and care of the elderly and deceased have also been a primary Choctaw Indian value for centuries. Elderly members are cared for by their children and viewed as wise, esteemed members of the tribe. The extensive funeral rituals in the Choctaw culture also point to the tribe’s respect for the deceased. Weeks of mourning and the recitations of all the good deeds committed by the deceased in the traditional funeral cry are just two of the ways that they show their reverence for their dead. Almost all of the Choctaw Indian values can be attributed to the pride they have for their Choctaw identity and the loyalty they show to one another. Through difficult times, racism the discrimination, the wrath of the deep south’s Jim Crowism upon the Indians, and other setbacks, the MOWAs have aggressively defended their cultural heritage and is described by Mr. Bud Shepard, one of the authors of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (B. I. A. ), who visited the tribe for a pre-study of the group, stated that he has never seen â€Å"a more closely knit group of Indians, a people who have stayed together and preserved their history and culture while enduring great hardship† (Testimony of Bud Shepard). One of the most important things about culture is kinship and that’s the most important thing to the MOWA. They have a long history of a few families that have lived together, worked together, know each other. June 1979, the MOWA received recognition as an Indian tribe by the state of Alabama but federal recognition to this day remains beyond their reach because of the stringent guidelines set out by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. To celebrate achieving this milestone, the MOWAs revived another traditional custom, the pow-wow. Each year, they host an inter-tribal pow-wow occurs on the second weekend of October on the Tribal reservation lands. This event includes an annual cultural festival which includes chanting, traditional social dancing, stickball games, and a Choctaw princess contest. The pow-wow is a time of celebration, a time for dancing, eating, seeing old friends and making new ones, and learning Indian traditions. Former Chief Framon Weaver describes the event as â€Å"a homecoming for the MOWA Indians that have moved and settled in other parts of the world and it provides a chance to invite the general public to come out and share our culture and traditions† (G. Ray). The last five hundred years of exploitation and discrimination, up to and including their ongoing struggle for federal recognition, have left a deep impact on the MOWA. The tribe remains determined, confident, and ultimately proud of their identity. MOWA pride is evident in the passionate testimony given by the late Leon Taylor, a revered elder o the tribe, to Congress in 1985, â€Å"today, I am Choctaw. My mother was Choctaw. My grandfather was Choctaw. Tomorrow, I will still be Choctaw† (Burgess). The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians firmly believe federal recognition is not the cornerstone of Indian identity but rather it is the culture, language, tribal lands, physicality, historical governmental relationships, Indian schools and related social factors that determines who they are. Today, there are approximately 6000 members of the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians with over 3,500 living on the reservation or 10 of the small communities surrounding it. The MOWA Choctaws have reclaimed over 300 acres of reservation land which includes the old sacred â€Å"Indian† stomping ground and is the site of a rapidly growing center. The late nationally known Indian author and leader Vine Deloria Jr. described the MOWA Choctaws as â€Å"without question a continuous and identifiable Indian community deserving of federal recognition. The MOWA people have continued to endure and progress even in the face of adversity and rejection. We have a federal Indian housing program, tribal court, tribal police force, Indian health clinic, athletic center, tribal government complex, two production factories, athletic fields, cultural museum, outstanding local schools, reservation lands, a flourishing language program and a rich cultural legacy of our people well intact† (Finch). The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians has fought a long and hard battle to regain their identity. Their leaders have been credited with strong leadership and dedication and commitment has made the fight a worthwhile effort. The MOWAs are proud of their heritage as Native Americans.

It Role in Green Economy free essay sample

Green Economy: We depend on the earths natural resources that have a limited capacity to regenerate and renew itself, forcing us to design an economic model which is good in conserving energy, natural resources, reducing emissions, reducing pollution and at the same time providing Jobs to people. This kind of a design leads to the Green Economy which is a clean energy economy. It aims in providing: Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy and the efficient use of it. Green buildings which uses environment friendly and recyclable materials 0 Recycling of waste-to-energy, recycling of water and it also encourages the production and marketing of cleaner technologies such as less power consuming fluorescent light bulbs. Trends in Green Economy: There are various trends that shape the green economy and helps in building a sustainable eco-system. Construction of building with renewable resources and recyclable materials called as green building are being encouraged. We will write a custom essay sample on It Role in Green Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many movements and companies like Dell, Toyota and Honda have restructured their business strategies to support a green economy. Recent happenings such as depletion of topsoils, sudden increase in water levels, melting of glaciers, poisoning of fresh water supplies and ozone layer depletion has aroused the fear in the minds of people and has forced them to know the importance of green economy. Various sectors such as solar-energy, wind-energy and organic products manufacturing are increasing and the people have started to show interest in buying green products. Importance and Impacts of Green Economy: The Green Economy can act as a good solution to sort out many problems such as Job losses due to economic crisis, low-carbon emission, drastic climatic change and efficient use of energy. It provides Jobs in the construction industry by introducing the technique of insulation of homes and it also helps in efficient use of energy. In addition to this, shifting the money spent on transport to a very efficient form such as creation of public transport which can reduce the carbon emission will also be very helpful. Information Systems: Stair and Ralph(2006) says that, Information system(lS) is a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective. Information system plays different roles in everyones day to day life and its effect on green economy is also a important point. Role of information systems in Green Economy: Learning about green economy Just can t help in building the same, it needs a tool, a system that can nalyze the current system and helps in developing the green economy which brings in the role of Information Systems. Information system can play a vital role in developing a report which analyses the cause and helps in reducing air and water pollution. According to an article published on ibmsystemsmag website on June 2009, The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) reduces water pollution with the help of a software from 18M. Information systems can also help in proper energy

Beowolf essays

Beowolf essays Beowolf is the oldest piece of British literature, and has survived for over thirteen hundred years. Scops passed this epic for two hundred years until it was finally written down by a Christian monk in 700 A. D.. The hero Beowulf continually demonstrates bravery throughout this cartoonistic tale which eventually leads to foolhardiness, a characteristic of the human condition that is still valid This epic is a traditional good vs. evil story. Beowolf battles three monsters throughout the story. The first two he does for the good of the people. His army thanks God when things go their way and throughout the story there are references to both Christian and Pagan beliefs, which gives it universal appeal. During his battle with Grendal, his mail shirt has supernatural powers, like the power of God. Grendals ferocious claws cannot touch Beowulf due to his powerful mail shirt. When he battles Grendals mother, he is given the sword of God. This sword is so powerful that it is able to cut off Grendals head. Then Beowulf single-handedly carries his head back to the people, a head that reportedly would need four normally strong men. Beowolf has a third heroic attempt at killing another bothersome monster. However, during his fifty years as king he has grown somewhat egocentric. Instead of trying to kill the monster for the good of his people, he does is because he knows he can and to prove himself, yet again. He even goes as far as telling his army not to help him, that this is a job for one man only; him. During this fight, he is not aided by God and it leads to his demise. The monster dragon dies but not before ripping Beowulfs throat. This story has survived hundreds of years for many reasons. It has a cartoonistic quality to it due to the detailed scenes of blood and guts which gives it a humorous quality. It was ...

The Achievement Of Success In An Individuals Life Essay

The Achievement Of Success In An Individuals Life - Essay Example I could either choose an easy path by dropping out of university or I could put in my efforts to adapt to my surroundings and face the problems. I chose the difficult path because I understood that education and knowledge serve to be important in the life of a person. I put in all my strength to cope up with the educational requirements of the university and I was assisted by my faculty members, who understood my problem and were highly supportive. English is not my first language and I did not hold much expertise in the language. I got enrolled in an English University where English was the medium of education. The lectures were delivered in English and English was the language used for communication with the teachers as well as the other students. The books were in English as well. My English language skills were not very good and it was a very difficult phase for me. This was because of my writing, reading as well as communication skills were not up to the mark and I had to put in much hard work to cope with my studies. I found it difficult to take down notes during the lectures. This was because I had to pay full attention towards listening to the teacher to understand the lecture and if I started taking notes, I used to lag behind in the lecture. Note taking was also an issue as I could not spell words properly and my writing speed was not up to the mark as well. I could not understand the normally used abbreviations as I was not familiar with them and had not used them before.  

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Final - Essay Example By not delivering the coffee as stipulated in the contract, Java Distributors has made a material breach of the contract. A material breach of contract comes into effect when a party to a contract substantially and unjustifiably fails to meet their contractual obligation(s). Although Green Coffee can take Java Distributors to court, it is advisable that it pursues a different path of dispute resolution especially considering that it will have to incur a lot of expenses in legal fees and yet it will receive a little compensation in case it wins the case in a court of law. As earlier noted, Green Coffee can pursue an alternative avenue in resolving the dispute at hand, other than going to court. It may engage negotiation, arbitration, and mediation, all of which are less costly and which are known to be faster than litigation. One case in point that involved a material breach of contract is Miller v. Mills Constitutional, Inc. In this case, the district court held that Mills had breach ed the contract by failing to deliver the materials that it had agreed to deliver as stipulated in the contract. In the case of Miller versus Mills, the case rightly ended up in court considering the amount of money involved. This case is quite similar to the case involving Green Coffee and Java Distributors. By failing to deliver the coffee, Java Distributors caused Green Coffee losses. Green Coffee was not able to serve customers and therefore lost business on that day. This being the case, Green Coffee should receive compensation from Java Distributors that equals the amount the Green Coffee normally makes on a Monday, tips included. The best thing for Green Coffee to do is to invoke a dispute resolution method that is less expensive. Since Java Distributors may be unresponsive to a negotiation, the organization would best apply mediation or arbitration to resolve the dispute. If mediation as a process is chosen as a way of resting the case, both parties will have to choose a neu tral party who will suggest ways for resolving the dispute and facilitate communication. Normally, a mediator is knowledgeable in the matters of law. In some cases, mediation may lead to litigation. By opting for arbitration, the parties rely on a neutral party (the arbitrator) who is not necessarily knowledgeable in legal issues. The arbitrator listens to both parties before making a legally binding decision which can be subject to appeal at the district court. Considering the situation, Green Coffee would better go for arbitration and avoid going to court as much as possible. Part B The location of the coffee shop, the environment, the clientele, and the prices of the products on offer determine the kind of table that is suitable. If the coffee shop is located in an upmarket area in Boston visited by high class clients and serves as a place where people meet, then tables with stained glass tops are suitable for purchase. On the other hand, if the shop targets middle class and low class clients and is located in a downscale location, stainless steel tops would be suitable. Whichever the choice between the two, a contact will have to come into effect. The contract will include an offer, consideration and acceptance so as to be valid. When a stained top glass is chosen especially, a warranty should be granted so that in case of any damages, there can be a replacement. Part C The three new workers signed a written contract. However,

Analyzes of Richard Aldrich, Untitled and Tomma Abts, Fewe Essay

Analyzes of Richard Aldrich, Untitled and Tomma Abts, Fewe - Essay Example The essay "Analyzes of Richard Aldrich, Untitled and Tomma Abts, Fewe" discovers that two paintings. In terms of specific application of colors of painting by Pichard Aldrich to convey formal meaning there are a number of differing components. The bottom part of the work is covered in red with two yellow doors. The doors seem to function as an entranceway into a house. Still, there is the recognition that the abstract nature of the work is such that attributing a specific formal assumption to this doors is difficult. As one considers the middle part of the work there is the recognition that the artist is seemingly attempting to depict windows. In this way three grey rectangles are featured directly in the center of the picture. While the formal elements of these rectangles can potentially depict windows they additionally could be viewed as representing eyes. There then occurs an overarching meditation on the nature of shape as embodying formal qualities of expression. Another signifi cant formal quality of the work is the walls that seemingly form a house-like structure surrounding the earlier described elements. While walls outline the lower portions of the structure, there are also strong vertical lines that extend into the upper right portions of the image. These strong lines are accompanied by more rectangles and squares. In this way the artist is seemingly breaking the earlier pattern of a home structure and again meditating on the expressive potential of lines and shapes.